Traditional methods of decorating walls and ceilings
Most likely a relatively small part of the population knows what it is that contemporary stucco, that the years of its heyday has long since behind him. This is an area whose genesis dates back to ancient times, when it is the people and, above all, the people in power decided to decorating their buildings, especially government buildings, cultural and religious. Today, also, many people, especially those a little richer, decides to apply these exceptional images in their "four corners". This approach guarantees the originality of our interior design, so that our guests will be delighted.
Molding types - Wikipedia:
Astragal ? A semi-circular molding attached to one of a pair of especially fire doors to cover the air gap where the doors meet.
Baguette ? Thin, half-round molding, smaller than an astragal, sometimes carved, and enriched with foliages, pearls, ribbands, laurels, etc. When enriched with ornaments, it was also called chapelet.2
Bandelet ? Any little band or flat molding, which crowns a Doric architrave. It is also called a tenia (from Greek ?????? an article of clothing in the form of a ribbon.2
Baseboard, "base molding" or "skirting board" ? used to conceal the junction of an interior wall and floor, to protect the wall from impacts and to add decorative features. A "speed base" makes use of a base "cap molding" set on top of a plain 1" thick board, however there are hundreds of baseboard profiles.
Baton ? see Torus
Batten or board and batten ? a symmetrical molding that is placed across a joint where two parallel panels or boards meet
Bead molding ? narrow, half-round convex molding, when repeated forms reeding
Beading or bead ? molding in the form of a row of half spherical beads, larger than pearling
Other forms: Bead and leaf, bead and reel, bead and spindle
Beak ? Small fillet molding left on the edge of a larmier, which forms a canal, and makes a kind of pendant.2 See also: chin-beak
Bed molding ? a narrow molding used at the junction of a wall and ceiling. Bed moldings can be either sprung or plain.
Źródło: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(decorative)#Types
Basic knowledge
At their simplest, moldings are a means of applying light- and dark-shaded stripes to a structural objects without having to change the material or apply pigments. The contrast of dark and light areas gives definition to the object.
Imagine the vertical surface of a wall lit by sunlight at an angle of about 45 degrees above the wall. Adding a small overhanging horizontal molding to the surface of the wall will introduce a dark horizontal shadow below the molding, which in consequence is called a fillet molding. Adding a vertical fillet to a horizontal surface will create a light vertical shadow. Graded shadows are possible by using moldings in different shapes: the concave cavetto molding produces a horizontal shadow that is darker at the top and lighter at the bottom; an ovolo (convex) molding makes a shadow that is lighter at the top and darker at the bottom. Other varieties of concave molding are the scotia and congé and other convex moldings the echinus, the torus and the astragal.
Placing an ovolo directly above a cavetto forms a smooth s-shaped curve with vertical ends that is called an ogee or cyma reversa molding. Its shadow appears as a band light at the top and bottom but dark in the interior. Similarly, a cavetto above an ovolo forms an s with horizontal ends, called a cyma or cyma recta. Its shadow shows two dark bands with a light interior.
Together the basic elements and their variants form a decorative vocabulary that can be assembled and rearranged in endless combinations. This vocabulary is at the core of both classical architecture and Gothic architecture.
Decorative moldings have been made of wood, stone and cement. Recently moldings made of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) as a core with a cement-based protective coating have become popular. These moldings have environmental, health and safety concerns that were investigated by Doroudiani et al
Źródło: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(decorative)#Theory